Pixels and placement. An image inside a PDF is stored once, with a width and height in pixels. Each time a page draws it, a transformation matrix scales it to a size on the page. ProofSlip reads that matrix for every placement, turns the placed width and height into inches, and divides the pixel counts by them. The smaller of the two results is the effective ppi it reports, so an image stretched more in one direction is judged by its weaker side.
Rounding and limits. The figure is rounded to a whole number before it is compared with a limit, so the number on screen and the severity always agree. Color and grayscale images count as continuous tone: under 150 ppi is a FAIL, and 150 to 299 is a WARN. Images stored at 1 bit per pixel, image masks, and images compressed with fax or JBIG2 encoding count as bitmap line art: under 300 is a FAIL, and 300 to 599 is a WARN. The limits are fixed in this version. If your printer asks for 300 ppi on photos, treat every image WARN as a failure for that job.
Where it looks. Images placed directly on a page, inside reusable forms, inside forms nested within forms up to 32 levels deep, inside printable annotation appearances, and inline images written into the page content are all measured. Placements too small to measure, images inside tiling patterns, and anything past the nesting limit are counted in an INFO note rather than guessed at.
What the number does not tell you. Effective ppi is about pixel density only. ProofSlip does not decode image data, so it cannot judge JPEG compression, blur or noise, and it does not evaluate the resolution of soft masks. A photo that was upscaled before it was placed can show a healthy ppi and still look soft, because enlarging pixels in an editor adds no detail. Compression filters are reported by name, such as JPEG or JPEG 2000, with no claim about quality.
Reading the Detail pane. Select an image row to see its object number, pixel size and bit depth, color, filters, whether it has a soft mask, its category, and every placement with its page, placed size in millimeters, and ppi in each direction. In a long document, that list is the quickest way to find the one oversized placement.
Raising a low figure. ProofSlip does not resample or replace images. Place a larger original, or print the image smaller, then export a new PDF and open it again. The report is a check, not a fix.